HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE
ANCIENT Greece was not a unified nation but consisted of many small city states. Corinth was a noted business center. Sparta formed strong military power. Athens was recognized as an intellectual and cultural center. Thus the role of physical education is different in each city state.
SPARTA
Due to military strategies all emphasis was on health. The Spartan boys were made healthy and strong warriors. The girls were trained to become physically fit mothers. In Sparta sick children were put to death. The healthy boys were raised in home till the age of seven when the state assigned them to packs in which they remained upto 14th year. During all this time they engaged in physical training and conditioning for military training.
Music and songs were also an important part or the education of the Spartan Youth. They performed exercises on music tones. A major part of their training consisted of wrestling. Jumping throwing of javelin and discus, marching, riding and hunting. This conditioning program prepared a strong army for Sparta that w second to none. The girls were raise prominent role. In the education of all the girls Sparta obscenity. The girls also participate in running, jumping, throwing and dancing was discouraged.
Sparta succeeded in developing, strong and healthy youth. Spartan athletes were dominant in Olympic games.
ATHENS
In the 5 century B.C this small community of few thousand people produced men of highest rank in human history like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Phidias, Percales, Sophoclis and Myron who gave a new theories in Education. The Greeks recognized the physical, mental and spiritual aspects of life. Their Philosophy of life and education consisted of harmonious development of all powers and capacities of the individuals.
The Education of Athenian boys was based on literature, music and gymnastic. Literature was studied under the direction of a programmatic. The term music included artistic, literacy and musical training. Gymnastic involved the whole range of physical activities, which included discus, running, jumping, wrestling and free play. An equal amount of time was devoted to music and gymnastic. The Greeks did not regard Physical Education as an art to discipline. They thought that only through muscular activity it is possible to developed the beauty and perfection of human body.
Besides, the development of personality and character traits which create confidence, self control and courage could also be achieved. This concept was indicated by Plato when he wrote that music and gymnastic were both designed for the improvement of soul. Western civilization owes much to Greek ideals in relation to education in general and Physical Education in particular.
No country in history has held Physical Education in such a high esteem as did the ancient Greece.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT CHINA
The Chinese for an extended time were stop the remainder of the globe. Chinese civilization dates back to 50 centuries or additional however the recorded amount began from 1122 B.C. China derived this name from the Chin family line. The rulers of China engineered the renowned Chinese Wall to defend their land from foreign invasions.
Until recently, education in China was monopolized by the aristocracy and students. the idea of Chinese education was learning of the philosophy of Confucius. It target-hunting all thinking in social science and morality. education wasn't properly organized in ancient China. however in 600 B .C. the Chinese developed the art of Jujitsu, that they took from the Japanese. the foremost standard sports among the higher categories were boxing and sort of soccer that resembled the fashionable football. The military personnel wont to perform activities like thumbing and imitative many sorts of games and movements exercises adopted by Chinese were geared toward developing the ability and strength warriors. A stigma was hooked up to physical activity as a purely recreational pursuit for the adults. Confuciousism schooled that self restraint and moderation were the perfect virtues. It stressed on meditation and passivity.
Active games and sports for recreational functions were thought of against the dignity of adults and contrary to the faith the Chinese when centuries of seclusion, allowable foreign missionaries in 1860. This transformation in policy of dynasty favoured the development of Physical education. The Swedish and German system were introduced within the police and soldiers. the scholars were sent to USA and different European countries. They came back with the most recent data of sports. The M.C. vie a crucial role within the development of education in their college programmes.
In 1905 education was created obligatory college programmes. establishments were established to supply coaching and leadership in games, sports and different physical activities. The republican region programmes, within the primary school comprises sport, Marooning and Games. Programmes within the secondary colleges and faculties featured Swedish gymnastic, athletics sports as well as track and field, soccer, basketball and swimming. A nineteen points report from particle indicated that each one town colleges had enjoying areas and were staffed by physical educationists. A survey of facilities and instrumentality in 1930 showed a general improvement on the previous years.
Today, China is one the foremost developed nation of the globe in sports, games, field and track events. She is that the leading sports nation of Asia. She conjointly won most medals in 2004 in Olympic games. She surpassed U.S.A and different European nations. it's all thanks to her terribly serious perspective towards Physical education and games.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
Great UK is that the home of outside sports. She has influenced the globe in education. once different European countries were utilizing the Lings, John and Guts system of gymnastic, England was utilizing a programme of organized games and sports. People of English area unit are the innovators of Athletics and Sports. The games of Hockey and quoits, were vie in England as early as fifteen century; court game as early the thirteenth century; golf as early as sixteen century. Soccer is one in all the oldest English national sports.
Being the pioneer in games and sports, England made several famous physical educationists. one in all them is Archibald Maclaren. In his youth he participated in sports. He conjointly studied drugs and science of medicine. In 1858 he opened a non-public Gymnasium wherever he was able to experiment. In 1880 he devised a system for British Army. He wrote a book "A Manual Military Personnel's". He conjointly wrote several books on the topic of education. In his works he points out that the stress of education ought to air health. He thought that health is additional necessary than strength. work up is crucial for optimum growth and development. He more says that physical and mental coaching area unit indivisible. Mind and body ought to progress facet by facet.
Physical education thought to been essential a part of each college programme. At the time of Maclaren the Swedish system of gymnastic was introduced in England. several different systems were conjointly foreign from Kingdom of Denmark and different countries. one in all the foremost contribution of nice UK to education is that the movement for education. Germany, Sweden, Kingdom of Denmark and England semiconductor diode Europe within the promotion of education. Baron capital of South Dakota First State Curbertin was instrumental in revitalising the Olympic games in 1896 at Athens.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
In 1947 Pakistan came in to being in 1948 the Olympic association of Pakistan conducted a sports meeting. The Quaid-e-Azam stressed upon the need of physical fitness and promotion of sports. Programme of physical education is the legacy of British India.
Main obstacles in the way of the promotion of physical education and sports were the lack9 of qualified staff in the school retired army personals were performing duties. Concept of physical education was confined only to the drill activities. There was no institution for proper training of physical education. For the attainment of this objective, a meeting was held under the Chairmanship of Education Minister in which the following recommendations were made.
1. 1. Training centers for the teachers of physical education should be established.
2. 2. Ten percent of education budget should be reserved for the improvement of physical education.
3. 3. Recreational supervisors should be appointed at district level.
In the light of these recommendations, the first step for the promotion of physical education was taken in 1950 with the establishment of college of physical education at Valton, Lahore. In this institution, classes for senior and junior diploma in physical beducation were started in 1951. Two sports stadiums were established at Karachi in 1957.
In 1966 a college of physical education established at Karachi to overcome the shortage of qualified personnels. In 1969 the recruiting pattern of Ds.P.E. was changed a qualification for P.I.IS was raised to Junior Diploma while the Ds. P.E. were required have the Senior Diploma for recruitment and they ere allowed to teach the physical education discipline in schools and colleges.
In 1976 the Department of Health and Physical Education was established in Gomal University D.l Khan, where MSc classes in physical education were started. Still there was no department in the country to offer studies of higher qualification in the field of physical education. In 1980-81 Senior Diploma classes were offered by the department and 1982-83 Junior Diploma classes were also started.
In 1992, Govt. of N.W.F.P. started the classes of physical education at Doaba Kohat. It offers the Junior Diploma courses to meet the demand of trained school teachers, Jamshoro University Sindh, has also started Diploma in Phys Education and Punjab University Lahore started Master classes in physical education the college of physical education Lahore.
Presently, in private sector College education at D.I. Khan, Mardan and Peshawar have been established which offer Junior Diploma and Senior Diploma in Physical Education. They are affiliated with the Gomal University D.1. Khan and it is hoped that new colleges of P.E. will open in different cities in future. One such institution has started functioning at Abbottabad which is called Abbot College of P.E.
Sports facilities have also been extended at divisional levels under the control of Provincial Sport Board. In Islamabad Sports Complex, Liaqat Gymnasium and Jinnah Stadium provide international level facilities.
The subject of physical education has also been introduced at Inter level and Graduate level to meet the need of qualified staff at all levels. The demand of the subject as well as of the trained and qualified teachers is increasing day by day. It shows the bright future of physical education in Pakistan.
Subject of Physical Education is recently started at S.S.C. level also to provide the base for student of Physical Education. Several other steps are still under consideration for the promotion of sport & Physical Education in Pakistan. Inspite of all this, the condition of general health is deplorable in Pakistan. Hospitals are crowded and grounds deserted. Physical education is also not gaining its due place in education policy. That is why Pakistan can get no remarkable place in all the international tournaments and competitions.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GERMANY
Physical Education in Germany during modern European period is associated with names such as Basedow, Gut, Muths, Jahn Spicss. Besedow was the first man who had built school in 1774 at Dessau, The activities were dancing, riding, jumping, wrestling. Swimming, fencing and marching.
Gust-Muths emphasised on recreational activities in physical education programme. Friedrich Jhan was a teacher in Plamam Boys School. In 1811, he established a gymnasium at Burlin that was called Tumplarz.
In 1862 physical education became a compulsory subject in Germany introduced at National level. In 1918 in flourished all over Germany. The purpose of physical education in Germany was "The total development of the individual".
In elementary school period the classes Of physical education was hold thrice a week for one hour. The activities were, jumping, throwing, running, climbing and swimming.
At intermediate level physical education was held twice or thrice a week for the duration of one hour. The activities of elementary level were included with addition of track and field events, sOccer and basketball.
At higher education level, the Universities of Germany have the department of physical education offering degree in physical education. There was a separate university of sports. There were sufficient facilities in physical education and sports at all levels. There were also teachers training programme in Germany. Germany has made progress in sports system as well as in the establishment of physical education.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SWEDEN
Pherling was the founder of physical education in Sweden He was educated and trained in gymnastic and fencing. He devoted himself to the establishment of fencing and gymnastic. The Sweden Govt. allowed him to established an institution of military training at Stockholm, this institution is still playing a vital role in the promotion of physical education and gymnastic in 1864 the institution was divided into three departments i.e military section, medical section and education.
The consideration has been given to physical education in Sweden. Compulsory programme of physical education have been carried out at school and college level. Gymnastic is the most favorite sports o Sweden.
The craze of physical fitness has been increasing day by day. Football, shooting, volleyball, wrestling, boxing and athletic are played in the country. Skating is also very popular in Sweden Well organized and well equipped gymnasiums are available in each city of the country.
Physical education has been receiving response from people and Government the Media is playing excellent role in this respect The people are fully aware of the importance and utility of Physical Education.
Post a Comment
If you have any doubt please let me know